The Martial Arts Where People Are Tgrown Around Effortlessly

Indonesian martial art

Pencak silat

Pencak silat
Pencak silat of Silek Minangkabau duel, one of the combatants is using kerambit
Also known every bit	Pencak silat Indonesia
Focus	Self-Defense
Hardness	Total-contact, semi-contact, calorie-free-contact
Country of origin	Republic of indonesia
Famous practitioners	Iko Uwais, Yayan Ruhian, Cecep Arif Rahman
Olympic sport	No

Traditions of Pencak Silat
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
Two men performing Silek lanyah (one of pencak silat), traditional martial arts of the Minangkabau people in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Silek lanyah is ever performed in a muddy paddy field.
State	Indonesia
Criteria	Oral traditions and expressions, including linguistic communication every bit a vehicle of the intangible cultural heritage, performing arts, social practices, rituals and festive events, knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe, and traditional adroitness
Reference	1391
Region	Asia and the Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription	(14th session)
List	Representative Listing
Silek (inc. Silat Harimau), Mancak, Ulu Ambek/Alau Ambek, Sewah, Galuik (West Sumatera); Bepencak (Bangka); Pencé (Banten); Silat (Due west Coffee, Special Capitol Region of Dki jakarta, Banten, Central Java, Due east Coffee, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Bali); Penca, Amengan, Ulinan, Maénpo, Usik, Heureuy (Due west Coffee); Maen Pukulan (Special Capitol Region of Jakarta); Akeket, Okol, Penthengan (Madura, East Coffee); Encak, Pencakan (East Coffee); Pencak (Special Region of Yogyakarta, East Java, Bali); Kuntau (Westward Borneo, Fundamental Borneo, South Kalimantan, E Kalimantan); Langga (Gorontalo), Amanca (S Sulawesi); Pakuttau (Due west Sulawesi), Mencak, Kuntuh (West Nusa Tenggara).

Sport

Highest governing torso	International Pencak Silat Federation (IPSF)
First played	Indonesia
Characteristics
Contact	Dependent on type of Pencak silat
Team members	Individuals or Team
Mixed-sex	Yes
Type	Martial art
Venue	Fighting loonshit
Presence
Land or region	Worldwide, Asia primarily
Olympic	(Unofficial Sport)
Globe Championships	Earth Pencak Silat Championships

Pencak silat (Indonesian pronunciation: [ˈpent͡ʃaʔ ˈsilat]; in Western writings sometimes spelled "pentjak silat" or phonetically as "penchak silat") is an umbrella term for a class of related Indonesian martial arts.^{[ane] [two]} In neighbouring countries, the term ordinarily refers to professional competitive silat.^[3] It is a full-body fighting class incorporating strikes, grappling and throwing in add-on to weaponry. Every part of the torso is used and subject to assail. Pencak silat was practiced not only for physical defense but also for psychological ends.^[4]

The International Pencak Silat Federation (IPSF), or PERSILAT (Persekutuan Pencak Silat Antarabangsa), is the international pencak silat governing organization and the only pencak silat organisation recognised by the Olympic Council of Asia.^[five] The organization was established on 11 March 1980 in Jakarta and consists of the national organisations of Brunei Darussalam (Persekutuan Silat Kebangsaan Brunei Darussalam) (PERSIB), Indonesia (Ikatan Pencak Silat Indonesia) (IPSI), Malaysia (Persekutuan Silat Kebangsaan) (PESAKA), and Singapore (Persekutuan Silat Singapura) (PERSISI).^{[half dozen] [vii]}

Pencak silat is included in the Southeast Asian Games and other region-wide competitions. Pencak silat fabricated its debut in the 1987 Southeast Asian Games and 2018 Asian Games, both held in Indonesia.^[viii]

Pencak silat was recognized as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity from Indonesia by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) on December 12, 2019.^[nine]

Etymology [edit]

Silat is a collective give-and-take for a class of indigenous martial arts from the geo-cultural surface area of Indonesia, more precisely in the Indonesian Archipelago, a region known locally every bit Nusantara.^[ten] The origin of the word silat is uncertain. The Malay term silat is linked to Minangkabau word silek. Due to Sumatran origin of the Malay language, the Sumatran origin of the term is likely.^[ten] The term the word Pencak comes from the Sundanese Penca, in the western part of Java is the origin of this martial fine art and has been played by the Sundanese for centuries, until it exists in Central and Due east Java to be studied.^[11]

Although the word silat is widely known throughout much of Southeast Asia, the term pencak silat is used mainly in Republic of indonesia. "Pencak silat" was chosen in 1948 as a unifying term for the Indonesian fighting styles. It was a compound of the two most normally used words for martial arts in Indonesia. Pencak was the term used past the Sundanese in western role of Java and also in the Central Coffee and East Java,^[12] while silat was used in Sumatra, Malay Peninsula and Borneo. In Minang usage, pencak and silat are seen every bit being two aspects of the same practice. Pencak is the essence of training, the outward aspect of the art which a casual observer is permitted to witness as performance. Silat is the essence of gainsay and self-defense, the true fighting application of the techniques which are kept secret from outsiders and not divulged to students until the guru deems them set up. While other definitions exist, all concord that silat cannot exist without pencak, and pencak without silat skills is purposeless.^[xiii]

Some believe that pencak comes from the Sanskrit give-and-take pancha pregnant 5, or from the Chinese term pencha or pungcha which implies parrying or deflecting, and hit or pressing.^[14]
Other terms may be used in particular dialects such every bit silek, penca, mancak, maen po or main-po.

Dutch East Indies newspapers of the colonial era recorded the terms for martial arts under Dutch spellings. These include silat, pencak (spelled in Dutch as "pentjak"), penca ("pentjah"), mancak ("mentjak"), manca ("mentjah"), and pukulan ("poekoelan").^[15] In 1881 a magazine calls mancak a Batak fencing game "with long swords, daggers or wood (mentjah)"^[sixteen] These papers described mancak every bit Malay (Maleische) suggesting that the word originates in Sumatra.^[17] These terms were used separately from silat in the Dutch East Indies.^[eighteen] The terms pukulan or chief pukulan (spelled "maen poekoelan" in Dutch) referred to the fighting systems of Jakarta only was also used generally for the martial arts of other parts of Indonesia such as Sumatra and Lombok.^[fifteen] Believed to exist a Betawi term, information technology derives from the words for play (main) and hit (pukulan).

History [edit]

Origins [edit]

Bas-relief of a battle scene at Prambanan Temple depicting weapons of the fourth dimension such every bit the sword, shield, society, bow, and a kris-like dagger

The oral history of Indonesia begins with the mythical legend nearly the arrival of Aji Saka (lit. primordial king) from India to Coffee. At the request of the local people, he successfully killed the monarch Dewata Cengkar of Medang Kamulan in battle and took his place as ruler. This story traditionally marks the rise of Java and the dawn of its Dharmic civilisation. The tale also illustrates the influence India had on Indonesian and Southeast Asian culture in general. Aji Saka is shown to be a fighter and swordsman, while his servants are as well depicted every bit fighting with daggers. The Indian method of knife-duelling was adapted by the Batak and Bugis-Makassar peoples. Aboriginal Indonesian art from this flow too depicts warriors mounted on elephants wielding Chinese weapons such as the jian or straight double-edge sword, which is withal used in Java.

The earliest show of pencak silat being taught in a structured manner comes from 6th-century^[xix] in Minangkabau Highlands of Westward Sumatra. The Minangkabau had a clan-based feudal government. War machine officers called hulubalang acted as bodyguards to the rex or yam tuan. Minang warriors served without pay. The plunder was divided among them according to military merit, and then fighters strove to outdo each other. They were skilled horsemen with the native pony and also adept bladesmiths, producing arms both for their own use and for export to Aceh. Traditional Minang society was based around matrilineal custom, so pencak silat was usually practiced by women.^[1] Every bit pencak silat became widespread in Srivijaya, the empire was defeated past the Tamil Cholas of s India in the 13th century. The Tamil stick fighting art of silambam is still the most mutual Indian fighting organisation in Southeast Asia today.

During the 13th century, Ken Arok, a thug turned into a cocky made hero and ruler, took over the power from Kediri Kingdom and established the Rajasa Dynasty. This is pretty much reflected the jago (people'south champion) civilisation of aboriginal Java, where a self fabricated cunning man skillful in martial arts, could rally supports and took over the kingdom.^[20] His successor, the warrior-king Kertanegara of Singhasari conquered the Melayu Kingdom, Maluku Islands, Bali, and other neighbouring areas. From 1280 to 1289, Kublai Khan sent envoys enervating that Singhasari submit to the Khan as Jambi and Melayu had already washed, only Kertanegara responded defiantly past scarring the last envoy'southward face. Kublai Khan retaliated past sending a punitive expedition of 1000 junks to Coffee, just Kertanegara had already been killed by a vassal in Kediri earlier the Yuan force arrived. His son-in-police Raden Wijaya replaced Kertanegara as leader and allied himself with the arriving Mongol army. With their assistance Raden Wijaya was able to defeat the Kediri forces. With his silat-trained warriors, Raden Wijaya and so turned on the Mongols and so that they fled back to China. The village he founded became the Majapahit empire. This was the offset empire to unite all of Republic of indonesia'south major islands, and pencak silat reached its technical zenith during this flow. In Majapahit, pencak silat became the specialised property of the dignity and its avant-garde secrets were subconscious from commoners.^[1]

Colonial era [edit]

The lucrative spice trade eventually brought colonists from Europe, first the Portuguese followed by the Dutch and British. The Dutch East India Visitor became the ascendant ability and established full colonial rule in Indonesia. Local revolts and uprisings were common, just all were suppressed by the Dutch armed with guns and cannons. The Dutch brought in even more Chinese workers to Republic of indonesia, which brought a greater variety of local kuntao systems. But while the Europeans could effectively overtake and hold the cities, they plant it impossible to control the smaller villages and roads connecting them. Indonesians took advantage of this, fighting an underground war through guerilla tactics. Local weapons were recorded every bit being used against the Dutch, especially knives and edged weapons such as the golok, parang, kris and klewang.

During the 17th century, the Bugis people of Sulawesi centrolineal with the Dutch colonists to destroy Mangkasara rule over the surrounding area. While this increased Bugis power in the southwest, Dutch dominion deprived seafaring merchants like the Bugis of their traditional employment. Equally a event, these communities increasingly turned to piracy during the 17th-18th centuries. Not only was pencak silat practiced by the pirates, simply new styles were created to combat them.

During the Dutch colonial era of the 18th and 19th century, the exploitative social and economical status of the colony created the culture of the jago or local people's champion regarded equally thugs and bandits past the colonial administration. Parallels can be seen in the jawara of Priangan, jagoan of Betawi, and warok in the Ponorogo region of E Java. The virtually infamous band of jagoan was the 19th century Si Pitung and Si Jampang, experts in Silat Betawi. Traditionally depicted as Robin Hood-like figures, they upheld justice for the mutual man by robbing from the rich who acquired power and status by collaborating with the colonists. The jago were despised by the Dutch authorities as criminals and thieves but were highly respected past the native pribumi and local Chinese.

Modernistic era [edit]

Conflict with the European rulers provided an impetus for the proliferation of new styles of pencak silat, now founded on the platform of nationalism and the desire for liberty from colonisation. The Indonesian Pencak Silat Association (IPSI) was founded in 1948 to bring all of Indonesia'southward pencak silat under a unmarried administration. The world'southward oldest nationwide silat organization, its basis is that all pencak silat is built on a common source, and that less functional styles must give way to the technically superior. IPSI has avoided the tendency of modern martial arts that gravitate towards sport. The resistance to sport has lessened over time, however, and sparring in particular has become less combative. While nominally an Indonesian arrangement, many of the rules and regulations outlined past IPSI have become the de facto standard for silat competitions worldwide. Indo-Dutch Eurasians who first began practicing pencak silat in the 20th century^[15] spread the fine art to the west in the tardily 20th century.

Today pencak silat is one of the extra-curricular activities taught in Indonesian schools. Information technology is included as a combat sport in local, national and international athletic events such as the SEA Games (South-East asia Games) and Indonesia'south National Sports Week (Pekan Olahraga Nasional). Since 2012, the Pencak Malioboro Festival has been held annually and features demonstrations by the biggest silat schools in Indonesia. The fine art features prominently in the Hollywood blockbuster John Wick three, with masters Yayan Ruhian and Cecep Arif Rahman actualization against Wick in the penultimate fight, and the animated series Code Lyoko, in which multiple episodes bear witness protagonists Yumi Ishiyama and Ulrich Stern training in and utilizing the fighting manner amongst other characters.

Weapons [edit]

Equally with most ancient fighting arts, pencak silat historically prioritized weapons over unarmed gainsay. While this is usually not the instance today, all pencak silat schools include weapons to some caste of importance. While pencak silat includes a broad array of weapons, the post-obit are considered standard in all classical styles. In addition to these, many systems include a specialty or "secret" weapon taught but to advanced students.

• Toya : Staff normally made of rattan but sometimes wood or metal. Typically measures 5–6 feet long and 1.five-2 inches in diameter.
• Tombak/Lembing : Spear or javelin fabricated of bamboo, steel or woods that sometimes has horsehair fastened nearly the blade.
• Parang : Machete-like chopper, ranging from ten to 36 inches long
• Golok : Heavy cleaver measuring ten-xx inches long. The blade is heaviest in the centre
• Pisau : Whatever short-bladed knife
• Kris : Double-edged dagger made past folding dissimilar types of metallic together and and so washing it in acid.
• Celurit : A sickle, commonly used in farming, cultivation and harvesting of crops.
• Tongkat/Galah : Short stick or cudgel
• Pedang : Sword, almost often single-edged and either directly or slightly curved. Usually measures 15-35 inches overall with a blade upward of 10 inches long
• Klewang : Single-edge longsword with a protruding notch nearly its tip
• Chabang : Brusque-handled trident, literally meaning "co-operative"
• Selendang : A silk that can be used for strangling, grappling and whipping
• Kerambit : A small curved knife resembling a hook.

Styles and schools [edit]

Over 150 styles of pencak silat are recognised in Republic of indonesia,^[21] although the actual number of existing systems is well beyond that. Older methods are typically identified with specific ethno-cultural groups or particular regions.

Minangkabau [edit]

The Minangkabau formed the dominant sovereignty in West Sumatra and brand up the majority of Sumatran pencak silat systems. These styles may be referred to as silat Minangkabau, silat Padang (lit. field silat), or silek, the local pronunciation of silat. Very few systems in Indonesia have not been influenced past silek, and its techniques form the core of pencak silat throughout Sumatra. It developed as an extension of the original silat Melayu from Riau. Folklore traces this to v masters, namely Ninik Datuak Suri Dirajo from Padang Panjang, Kambiang Utan ("forest caprine animal") from Kingdom of cambodia, Harimau Campo ("tiger of Champa") from Vietnam, Kuciang Siam ("Siamese cat") from Thailand and Anjiang Mualim ("teacher dog") from Gujarat.^{[22] [23]} Stealth and deadfall were the preferred Minang war tactics, and they were said to be amidst the best assassins in the world when dispatched singly. Silek Minangkabau is characterised by its low stances and reliance on kicks and leg tactics. The low opinion is said to have developed to start the chance of falling on glace ground, common in the rice fields of West Sumatra. The local exercise of paddling rafts with the legs strengthened fighters' lower body muscles. Mitt and arm movements are fast, honed through an practice in which the exponent stands beyond from a partner tossing sharpened sticks or knives. The practitioner must redirect the sticks or knives and send them back at the thrower, using their hands and a minimum of movements with the rest of the body.

A duel sit-in of silek Minangkabau in front of a Rumah Gadang.

At that place are currently around ten major styles of silek, a few of which like Silek Lintau are commonly practiced even in Malaysia. IPSI recognises Silek Harimau (tiger silek) as amid the oldest pencak silat in existence. Silek Harimau, also known as silek kuciang or cat silek, epitomizes the Minang techniques in that information technology focuses on crouching and kick from a low position paired with rapid manus attacks. Sitaralak imitates the power of a herd of stampeding elephants. Adult as a counter to silek Harimau, sociology tells that its practitioners were able to fight tigers. Sandang is the counter-arrangement to Sitaralak, which defends confronting powerful attacks past misdirection. Kumango is another characteristically Minang system in its kicks and footwork. Its frequent thigh-slapping and taiji-like redirection maneuvers indicate both Indian and Chinese influence. Silek Tuo is considered by some to be the oldest Minang arrangement due to its name meaning "old silek", but others claim information technology traces to the freedom fighter Tuanku Nan Tuo later whom it was named. All the classical pencak silat weapons are used in silek simply the most prominent Minang weapons are the pedang (sword), tumbak (spear), karih (dagger), klewang (longsword), sabik (sickle), payung (umbrella), kurambik (claw), and various types of knives. In cultural aspects, Minangkabau randai dance functioning oft incorporating some of Minang silek movements.

Coffee [edit]

From Srivijaya, pencak silat speedily spread eastward into the Javanese Sailendra and Medang Kingdoms where the fighting arts developed in three geographical regions: West Coffee, Fundamental Java, and Due east Coffee. Today Java is home to more styles of pencak silat than any other Indonesian isle, and displays the greatest variety of techniques. Many Javanese schools such as Perisai Diri and Inti Ombak accept been established internationally in Asia, Europe and America. Merpati Putih or "white dove" style was adult in the keraton (imperial courts) of 17th century Mataram and was not taught publicly until 1963.^[24] Today it is the standard unarmed martial art of the Indonesian National War machine.^[25] It includes weapons simply focuses more on empty-handed self-defense and the evolution of internal strength developed through animate techniques.^[26] Pencak silat in Java draws from traditional kejawen and Hindu-Buddhist Javanese beliefs merely after Indonesia's independence, some schools have adapted themselves in the context of modern religion.^[27] Among the most popular modern styles is the Muslim-directed Tapak Suci. An evasive long-range system, information technology requires constant movement as the practitioner rotates on their own axis every few seconds. Similarly the [Setia Hati] school is Christian-organised. Rooted in silek Minangkabau of the Padang area, information technology relies on kicks and footwork while the hands are mainly used defensively for blocking and parrying.^[28]

Riau [edit]

Much of what constitutes classical Malay civilization has its origin in the Riau Archipelago, including the earliest evidence of silat. Referred to as silat Melayu, the regional fighting systems of Riau have influenced nigh the entirety of Indonesian pencak silat, and into neighbouring Singapore and Malaysia. Fighting tactics dating back to the Srivijaya empire persist in Palembang today. Broad stances with the front foot turned slightly inward are typical, adult for fighting on Riau's muddy ground, while also preventing the knee articulation from existence exposed to frontal kicks. Seizing techniques which grab the arm are mutual. The about prominent weapons in silat Melayu are the staff (toya) and the spear. Spear forms in Riau commonly brainstorm with the blade pointed downward. Staff technique in silat Melayu of the Palembang surface area is said to exist the best in all of Indonesian pencak silat. The weapon is made of wood and usually measures seven feet long. Fixed hand positions with very little sliding along the staff is characteristic of silat Melayu.

Sunda [edit]

Sundanese pencak silat forms and movements are besides existence incorporated into Sundanese dance.

Java'due south western region was the showtime area from which pencak silat spread out of Sumatra. The Sundanese pencak silat of West Java may exist called silat Sunda or silat Bandung. In the Sundanese language they are generically referred to as penca (dialect form of pencak), ameng, ulin or maen po (from the give-and-take main significant "play"). Ameng is the more respectful term, while ulin and maen po are of lower spoken communication levels. Sunda systems are easily identified by the prefix ci (spelled "tji" by the Dutch). Pronounced "chi", it comes from the Sundanese word cai pregnant river water, alluding to the fact that they were originally developed in river-bowl areas. The deep, wide stance and resulting gait attests to this, attributable to the practice of carefully placing the feet from a lifted position onto wet ground. Today, systems of Sunda derivation prefixed with ci are found fifty-fifty in the loftier plateaus and mount ranges of both W and Central Coffee. Penca instruction was traditionally done through apprenticeship, wherein prospective students offer to work as a servant in the principal'due south house or a labourer in the rice fields. In substitution for working during the mean solar day, the principal provides the pupil's meals and trains during the evening. Penca is characterized past reliance on hand and arm movements for both attack and defense force. Compared to other Javanese systems, Sunda styles have less frontal contact with the opponent, instead preferring to evade in a round manner and attack from the side. In one class of training designed to practise circular evasion, victory is attained simply by touching the opponent'southward torso. Fasting and mantra were traditionally used to heighten the senses for this purpose.

The oldest styles of penca were based on animals and movements of farming or tending the fields. IPSI recognises Cimacan (tiger style), Ciular (serpent style), and Pamonyet (monkey style) as among the oldest existing pencak silat. Cimacan is said to accept been created by a Buddhist monk. The most prominent system of Westward Coffee is penca Cimande, get-go taught publicly by a Badui man named Embah Kahir in Cimande village of the Sukabumi area effectually 1760.^[29] Cimande among the isolationist Badui customs is said to exist much older than Embah Kahir, and is believed by many masters to be the original penca of Due west Java tracing dorsum to Pakuan Pajajaran. Cimande is a close-quarters arrangement, with the elbows held close to the trunk. Students brainstorm by learning to fight from a seated position before they are taught footwork. Arms are traditionally conditioned through neat coconuts, by concentrating the force of the accident into the wrist. Cimande always assumes there is a minimum of three enemies, but advanced students may spar with upward to twelve opponents. As a defensive art, Cimande has no lethal techniques. The boondocks of Cianjur - seen as the heartland of Sunda culture - is associated with a few systems, the nearly prominent of them being Cikalong or bat mode. Borrowing its technical base of operations from Cimande, Cikalong was founded past Raden Jayaperbata after meditating in a cave in the Cikalong Kulon village. While Cimande may assault with either the fists or open easily, Cikalong prefers the latter. Prominent Sunda weapons include the toya (staff), cabang (forked truncheon), long-bladed parang (machete) and heavy golok (cleaver). The advanced weapon is the piau or throwing knife.

Betawi [edit]

Silat Betawi sit-in in Jakarta

Among the Betawi people of Greater Dki jakarta, the pencak silat tradition is rooted in the civilisation of the jagoan or jawara, local champions seen equally heroes of the common people. They went against colonial authorisation and were despised past the Dutch as thugs and bandits. Silat Betawi is referred to in the local dialect every bit maen pukulan or chief pukulan, literally meaning "strike-play". The about well-known schools are Cingkrik, Kwitang, and Beksi. The acrobatic monkey-inspired Cingkrik is likely the oldest, the name implying agile movement. The art is said to trace back to a monkey style of kuntao attributed to Rama Isruna later his wife observed the actions of monkeys. A student of this kuntao named Ki Maing later expanded on the system after a monkey stole his walking stick. Cingkrik is highly evasive; blows are delivered equally a counter after parrying or blocking, and usually target the confront, pharynx and groin. Attacks mimic the grabbing and tearing actions of monkeys. Kwitang likewise employs evasion and some open-hand strikes simply its focus is on powerful punches with the fist tightly airtight at the moment of affect, mainly targeting the centreline. Force is full-bodied into the duke of the trivial and ring finger. Attacks are fabricated with a curved arm; the elbow is never fully extended so equally to prevent being caught in a joint lock. Beksi, meaning "defense of 4 directions", is credited to a man named Lie Cheng Hok. Information technology is distinguishable from other Betawi systems past its close-altitude combat style and lack of offensive leg activeness. Silat Betawi includes all the classical pencak silat weapons, but places detail accent on the parang (machete), golok (chopper), toya (staff), and pisau (knife). Kwitang practitioners are said to be the best chabang fighters in Indonesia.^[30]

Bali [edit]

Bhakti negara (Pencak silat of Bali)

Post-obit the invasion by Demak, many families of the Majapahit empire fled to Bali. The descendants of the Majapahit were traditionally resistant to exterior influence and every bit a upshot, the people of Bali often make a distinction betwixt "pure" Balinese pencak silat and styles introduced from outside such as Perisai Diri. The native systems - known locally as pencak - are ultimately rooted in those of Java, and preserve tactics dating back to the Majapahit empire. They are less direct than other styles, characteristically favouring deception over aggression. Manus movements are used to distract, and openings are deliberately exposed to bluff the opponent into attacking. This approach requires that exponents train their flexibility and stamina. Every bit with Balinese warriors of the past, modern pencak practitioners in Bali often vesture headbands as function of their compatible.

There are virtually four master systems considered purely Balinese. The nearly prominent of these is Bakti Negara, which is firmly rooted in the old local Hindu philosophy of Tri Hita Karana.^[31] Some other system which has gained prominence is Seruling Dewata pregnant "God's flute". Purported to engagement back to ancient times, it recognizes the Indian Buddhist monk Bodhidharma as the first patriarch, though not its creator. Eka Sentosa Setiti (ESSTI) was the starting time pencak silat clan officially founded in Bali. Created and practiced in the island'due south south, information technology draws heavily from southern Saolim kuntao. The master stance is the ting posture of kuntao, too the main opinion of Japanese aikido. ESSTI keeps membership low and does not permit outsiders to view sparring matches. Finally, the Tridharma style is expert in northern Bali. It utilizes circular hand movements and straight kicks. The ESSTI and Tridharma schools frequently exchange students so cross-preparation between the styles is common. All Balinese pencak schools traditionally keep sportive contests and performance to a minimum in order to emphasise combat effectiveness.

Bugis-Makassar [edit]

The Bugis (Ugi) and Makassar people (Mangkasara) are two related maritime groups from Sulawesi. The Bugis in item were renowned navigators and shipbuilders, but as well feared as corsairs and slave-traders. Both the Bugis and Makassarese were famous for piracy, though this was more common among the former than the latter. Silat in Sulawesi is closely tied to local animism, and weapons are believed to be imbued with a spirit of their own. Hand and arm movements are designed to be adjustable for utilize with a knife or with the empty easily. Attacks with the fists or open easily can be modified with a pinching action of the fingers, which has its origin in the compression-grip of the badik. Bugis styles (silat Ugi) are based on these hand and arm movements and incorporate only limited kicks, almost all of the linear diversity.

More often than not, Southwestern Sulawesi expanse silat is chosen "Silat Makassar" and include the "Karena Macang" style which name implies "to perform similar a tiger". This Style is related with great analogousness to Kuntao, Tapu Silat is a highly secretive course revealed only to chosen experts in self-defense and specializes in countering rear sneak attacks which was common in Makassar as The mangrove swamps and rocky inlets forth the coasts of Sulawesi served as hiding places for pirates, so silat among the Bugis and Makassar community makes use of and defends against ambush. Experts in the Tapu system are reported to be supersensitive and must not exist touched from the rear or while comatose as the consequent reactions produced will be disastrous to the i agonizing them.^{[32] : 160}

Weapons used for all Bugis-Makassar pencak silat include all standard types normally associated with the antagonistic form, simply the Cabang, Pisau, and Parang, are used with boggling dexterity and skill. Bugis and Makassarese pencak silat forms accept into consideration and give heavy emphasis to the use of their special weapon, The Badik. Much of the arm and hand movement adept empty handed can instantly be converted into knife thrust-and-slash actions by simply picking upwardly such a weapon. Snap-thrust activeness while on the move and turning the torso into a punch which is "screwed into" the target are characteristic of most styles, and, too, are adaptable to the knife. Easily airtight or open equally a fist, are oftentimes modified by a pinching action of the fingers which relates to the Bugis (and sometimes the Makassarese) habit of holding the Badik with a pinch grip. Considerable practice is fabricated with one forearm outer surface in a blocking role while the other one strikes a accident or delivers a knife to the target; the two motions simultaneously. Bugis pencak silat patterns contains less than fifteen percentage leg action, and those which are used are more linearly oriented than round in nature; simple forward stepping move is, of course, exempt, equally information technology is definitely round. The Horse riding stance employed suggests Chinese influence.^{[32] : 160}

Aceh [edit]

Located on Sumatra'south northwest coast on the westernmost tip of the archipelago, Aceh was the first port of call for traders sailing the Indian Ocean. Local civilization and weapons (particularly knives) show distinct Indian-Muslim derivation. Dissimilar the more typical rattan shield, the Acehnese buckler is identical to the Indian dhal (shield), made from metal and with five or seven knobs on the surface. The Acehnese are recorded by both Indonesian and European sources every bit beingness the almost warlike people in all of Sumatra, and this is reflected in the highly-aggressive nature of their pencak silat. Acehnese pencak silat borrows its foundation from silat Melayu and silek Minangkabau, particularly the arm-seizing techniques of the former and the ground-sitting postures of the latter. Bladed weaponry is favoured, specifically knives and swords. The primary weapon is the rencong, an L-shaped dagger used mainly for thrusting simply as well for slashing. The kris is used as well but the native rencong takes precedence.

Batak [edit]

Batak land is situated between the Minangkabau to the due south and Aceh to the north, and the culture shows both Indian and Chinese influence. The discussion Batak refers to a number of ethnic groups originally from the mountains of North Sumatra. The term typically refers to the Toba Batak while others may explicitly turn down that label, preferring to place themselves by their specific group. Batak silat is known by unlike names in each community, namely mossak (Toba), moncak (Mandailing), ndikar (Simalungun) and dihar (Karo). Mossak is the most commonly-used due to the Toba being the almost numerous. While each style is distinct, all share similar characteristics and weaponry. The Batak were historically in a near-perpetual state of warfare with their neighbours, so warriors trained daily for gainsay. Training was either done outdoors or in the balai, a building in the kampung specifically made for combat practice. Batak silat is primarily armed, employing such weapons as the spear, single-edge blade, and a short-bladed knife known as the raut. The raut is similar to the badik both in advent and in its pinch-grip. The most common target is the opponent's midsection. The weapon is held loosely and used in an up or downward hacking motion. Once the raut has pierced the enemy, the fighter pushes the knife farther in with a palm strike. Unarmed techniques are derived from silek Minangkabau, every bit the kicks and footwork are well-suited to the mountainous Batak country.

Maluku [edit]

Pencak silat in the Maluku Islands uses a wide variety of weaponry, some of which are ethnic to the area. The detail specialty of Moluccan silat is the cabang (forked truncheon), pisau (knife), and the wooden or metal galah (staff). The local pedang (sword) is long-bladed and associated with female fighters. On Haruku Isle, particular emphasis is placed on ane-legged stances. This tactic was developed for fighting in the talocrural joint-deep sands of the islands, allowing the exponent to use both boot and centre-gouging techniques simultaneously.

Bajau [edit]

The Bajau are a seafaring people of Sulawesi. Frequently nomadic, they were traditionally born and raised on longboats at sea although this is increasingly exceptional as the customs has been forced to settle on land in recent decades. Colonial records oftentimes mistook them for pirates but - unlike the neighbouring Bugis - the Bajau lacked the organization and engineering science for piracy. In fact, they more oft clashed with pirates than engaging in raids themselves. Their primary and oft merely weapon was the line-fishing spear, which functioned as a hunting tool on state. The Bajau utilized a broad array of these harpoons equally weapons, both thrown and not thrown. Their aim was impeccable, having been honed by line-fishing and hunting. The spear may be of nibong woods or bamboo, single-pronged or three-pronged, barbed or unbarbed, and tipped with wood or steel. Contact with the southern Philippines and the Sulu sultanate of Borneo allowed the Bajau to larn other weapons through barter, specifically swords, shields, lances and parang. The most notable Bajau way of pencak silat is centered in Kendari. It is characterized past cross-legged stances and rapid turning, designed to be used in cramped spaces such as boats.

Techniques [edit]

Generalizations in pencak silat technique are very difficult; styles and movements are every bit diverse as the Indonesian archipelago itself. Individual disciplines can be offensive as in Aceh, evasive every bit in Bali, or somewhere in between. They may focus on strikes ( pukulan ), kicks ( tendangan ), locks ( kuncian ), weapons ( senjata ), or even on spiritual development rather than physical fighting techniques. Almost styles specialize in one or two of these, but still make apply of them all to some degree. Certain characteristics tend to prevail in particular geographical regions, as follows:

• Kicks - West Sumatra, Northward Sumatra
• Hands/Arms - Jakarta, West Coffee, Sulawesi, Borneo
• Grappling - E Coffee, Sumatra
• Strikes (hands and anxiety) - Bali, Central Java, Madura

Stances and steps [edit]

Students begin past learning basic body stances and steps. Steps or dancing sweep fanlangkah are ways of moving the feet from one point to another during a fight. Pencak silat has several bones steps, known as langkah 8 penjuru or "eight directions of steps". Traditional music is oftentimes used equally a signal to change body position when practicing langkah.^[33]

Langkah are taught in conjunction with preset stances, meant to provide a foundation from which to defend oneself or to launch attacks. The nigh basic opinion is the horse opinion (kekuda or kuda-kuda), which provides stability and firm torso position by strengthening the quads. Other stances may train the feet, legs, thighs, glutes and back. Other essential stances are the middle stance, the side stance, and the forward stance. The crawling tiger stance, in which the torso is kept low in a basis-hugging position, is most common in Minang silek. Stances are substantially a combination of langkah, trunk posture, and movement. Through their right application, the practitioner will be able to assail or defend whether continuing, crouching, or sitting down, and alternate smoothly from one position to another. When the student has get familiar with stances and langkah, all are combined in forms or jurus.

Forms [edit]

Forms or jurus are pre-meditated sets of steps and movements used for practicing proper technique, training agility, and workout the body. Repetition of jurus also develops muscle memory so the practitioner tin can act and react correctly inside a split-second in any given combative situation without having to think. Either armed or unarmed, jurus may exist solo, one against ane, i against several, or fifty-fifty two against more than one. Forms involving more one practitioner are meant to be performed at the speed of an actual fight. Real weapons are used in the instance of armed jurus, but are sometimes unsharpened today. The kembang (lit. "flower") attribute of forms consists of fluid movements with the easily and artillery resembling traditional Indonesian dance. Equally with Korean Taekkyon, these movements are training for defending or reversing the opponent's attack. Musical accompaniment provides a metronome to indicate the rhythm of motion. For example, the shell of a pulsate might signify an attack. Those not aware of the combative nature of these moves often error the forms for dancing rather than the formalized training of fighting techniques.^[4]

Offense [edit]

Pencak silat uses the whole body for attack. The basic strikes are the punch (pukul) and kick (tendang), with many variations in between. Strikes may be performed with the fists, open up palms, shins, feet (kaki), elbows (sikut), knees (dengkul or lutut), shoulders (bahu), or the fingers (jari). Even basic attacks may vary depending on style, lineage, and regional origin.^[34] Some systems may favour punching with the clenched fist, while others might adopt slapping with the palm of the mitt. Other common tactics include feints (tipuan) or deceptive blows used as distraction, sweeping (sapuan) to knock the opponent downward, and the scissors takedown (guntingan) which grips the legs around the opponent.

Defence [edit]

Defense in pencak silat consists of blocking, dodging, deflecting, and countering. Blocks or tangkisan are the almost basic course of defense.^[34] Because pencak silat may target whatsoever part of the body, blocks can be done with the forearms, hands, shoulders, or shins. Blocking with the elbows may even hurt the attacker. Attacks can too exist used defensively, such every bit kneeing a kicking opponent'due south leg. Hard blocks, in which force is met with force, are nigh suitable when fighting opponents of the same strength or lower. Styles that rely on physical power favour this approach, such as Tenaga Dasar. To minimize any harm sustained by the defender when blocking in this way, body workout is used such as toughening the forearms by hit them against hard surfaces. In cases where the opponent is of greater strength, evasion ( elakan ) or deflections ( pesongan ) would be used, and are actually preferred in certain styles.

International competitions [edit]

The major international competition is Pencak Silat World Title, organised by PERSILAT.^[35] This competition takes place every 2 or 3 years menstruum. More than 30 national teams competed in recent tournaments in Jakarta (2010), Chiang Rai (2012) and Phuket (2015).

Pencak Silat competition categories consist of:^[36]

1. Tanding (Friction match) category
2. Tunggal (Single) category
3. Ganda (Double) category
4. Regu (Team) category

List of World Pencak Silat Championships [edit]

• Earth Pencak Silat Championships

The championships have been referred to under dissimilar names:World Pencak Silat Championships or World Silat Championships or Pencak Silat World Championships.

Edition	Yr	Host	Nations	Events
1	1982 Earth Pencak Silat Championships	Djakarta, Indonesia	vii
2	1984 World Pencak Silat Championships	Jakarta, Republic of indonesia	9
3	1986 World Pencak Silat Championships	Vienna, Austria	xiv
4	1987 World Pencak Silat Championships	Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	18
5	1988 Earth Pencak Silat Championships	Singapore	18
6	1990 World Pencak Silat Championships	The Hague, Netherlands	18
seven	1992 World Pencak Silat Championships	Jakarta, Indonesia	20
8	1994 Earth Pencak Silat Championships	Hatyai, Thailand	19
9	1997 World Pencak Silat Championships	Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	20
10	2000 World Pencak Silat Championships	Jakarta, Indonesia	xx
11	2002 Globe Pencak Silat Championships	Penang, Malaysia	19
12	2004 World Pencak Silat Championships	Singapore	20
13	2007 Earth Pencak Silat Championships	Pahang, Malaysia	26
14	2010 Earth Pencak Silat Championships	Jakarta, Indonesia	32	23
15	2012 Earth Pencak Silat Championships	Chiang Rai, Thailand	26
xvi	2015 World Pencak Silat Championships	Phuket, Thailand	45	24
17	2016 World Pencak Silat Championships	Denpasar, Bali, Republic of indonesia	40	24
18	2018 Globe Pencak Silat Championships	Singapore	40	24

All-medal table [edit]

2018 medal table [edit]

2016 medal table [edit]

2015 medal tabular array [edit]

The seven-day result attracted 450 fighters from 40 nations and territories, competing in 24 weight categories in both the gainsay and performance events (18 combat event and 6 performance upshot).

Asian Pencak Silat Championships [edit]

Edition	Year	Host	Nations	Events
one	2011 Asian Pencak Silat Championships	Singapore, Singapore	seven
two	2016 Asian Pencak Silat Championships	Singapore, Singapore	half dozen	23

2011 medal table [edit]

2016 medal table [edit]

• http://apsif.com/portfolio.html

World Sports School Pencak Silat Championship [edit]

The 1st World Sports School Pencak Silat Championship 2016 Singapore

2016 medal table [edit]

World 5x5 Silat Championship [edit]

The 1st World 5X five Extreme Skills Silat Title 2019 Venue: KL, 11-12 February 2019 Host: PESAKA Malaysia. The winners came from Suriname and overall best fighter was Chi-jinn Wong Loi Sing, with a make clean sweap of 38 - 21 in favor of Suriname. He took home the gilt for his squad

The 1st Kids & Junior 5x5 Silat Claiming 2017 Venue: KL, eleven-12 Mar 2017 Host: PESAKA Malaysia Was taken by Sinada Humidha from Indonesia.

South East Asian Pencak Silat Title [edit]

fifth was held in 2015.

Other [edit]

The 5th ASIAN Beach Games Venue: Da Nang, 24 Sep - 4 Oct 2016 Host: VPSF Vietnam

The 6th TAFISA International Festival Pencak Silat Venue: Dki jakarta, 7–viii October 2016 Host: IPSI Indonesia

See also [edit]

• Silat
• Indonesian martial arts
• Silat Harimau
• Silat Melayu
• Bakti Negara
• Cingkrik
• Muay Thai
• Escrima

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c} Donn F. Draeger (1992). Weapons and fighting arts of Indonesia. Rutland, Vt. : Charles Due east. Tuttle Co. ISBN978-0-8048-1716-5.
2. ^ "Pencak Silat".
3. ^ "Hari Pencak Silat Indonesia". ilmusetiahati.com. fourteen September 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
4. ^ ^{a b} "Pencak Silat: Techniques and History of the Indonesian Martial Arts". Blackness Belt Magazine. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved six July 2015.
5. ^ "Pencak Silat recognized by OCA". ocasia.org . Retrieved 2020-07-03 .
6. ^ "PERSILAT was founded on March 11, 1980". berolahraga.net . Retrieved 2020-07-03 .
7. ^ Douglas, Ian. "The Politics of Inner Power:The Practice of Pencak Silat in West Coffee" (PDF) . Retrieved 2021-07-25 .
8. ^ "Pencak Silat | Asian Games 2018 Jakarta Palembang". Asian Games 2018 Djakarta Palembang. Archived from the original on September 2, 2018. Retrieved 2018-09-02 .
9. ^ "'Pencak silat' given UNESCO intangible world heritage stardom". The Jakarta Post . Retrieved thirteen December 2019.
10. ^ ^{a b} Green, Thomas A. (2010). Martial Arts of the Earth: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation. ABC-CLIO. p. 324. ISBN9781598842432.
11. ^ Green, Thomas A.; Svinth, Joseph R. (2010). Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation. ABC-CLIO. ISBN978-1-59884-243-2.
12. ^ Green 2010, p. 324: "Regional appellations are used in the island of Java, for example, penca by the Sundanese (Due west Coffee), and pencak by Javanese (Central and Eastern Java)."
13. ^ Alexander, Howard; Chambers, Quintin; Draeger, Donn F. (1979). Pentjak Silat: The Indonesian Fighting Fine art. Tokyo, Japan : Kodansha International Ltd.
14. ^ Sheikh Shamsuddin (2005). The Malay Art Of Cocky-defence force: Silat Seni Gayong. North Atlantic Books. ISBN1-55643-562-ii.
15. ^ ^{a b c} Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië xx-02-nineteen
16. ^ , UITGEGEVEN DOOE HET BATAVIAASCH GENOOTSCHAP VAN KUNSTEN EN WETENSCHAPPEN. ONDEB BEDAGTIE VAN J. E. ALBBECHT. EN D. GEBTH VAN WIJK. Deel XXVI. BATAVIA, Due west. BEIUNINO & Co. 1881.
17. ^ Sumatra-courant : nieuws- en advertentieblad 23-11-1872
18. ^ Bataviaasch nieuwsblad 24-04-1928
19. ^ "Silek Harimau Minangkabau: the True Martial Fine art of Due west Sumatra". Wonderful Indonesia. Archived from the original on viii July 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
20. ^ Matanasi, Petrik (2011-07-01). Para Jagoan: Dari Ken Arok sampai Kusni Kasdut (in Indonesian). Trompet Book. ISBN9786029913118.
21. ^ Ika Krismantari (five December 2012). "Passing on a legacy". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved iv Baronial 2015.
22. ^ Thesis: Seni Silat Melayu past Abd Rahman Ismail (USM 2005 matter 188)
23. ^ Djamal, Mid. Filsafat dan Silsilah Aliran-Aliran Silat Minangkabau. Penerbit CV. Tropic - Bukittinggi.1986
24. ^ "Sejarah Merpati Putih" (in Indonesian). PPS Betako Merpati Putih, Pewaris - Pengurus Pusat. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
25. ^ "KOARMATIM Siap Tarung" (in Indonesian). Tentara Nasional Indonesia. Archived from the original on June eight, 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
26. ^ "Merpati Putih" (in Indonesian). PPS Betako Merpati Putih, Pewaris - Pengurus Pusat. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
27. ^ Uwe Patzold (2011). Self-Defense and Music in Muslim Context in West Java in Divine Inspirations: Music and Islam in Republic of indonesia. Oxford, Britain : Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-xix-538541-0.
28. ^ Ilmu Setia Hati (14 September 2020). "Paradigma Ajaran Setia Hati". ilmusetiahati.com . Retrieved 14 September 2020. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
29. ^ "Cimande". Cimande France. Retrieved viii July 2015.
30. ^ Nathalie Abigail Budiman (1 August 2015). "Betawi pencak silat adapts to modernistic times". The Dki jakarta Post. Jakarta. Retrieved x August 2015.
31. ^ "Tentang Bakti Negara" (in Indonesian). Bakti Negara. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved ten August 2015.
32. ^ ^{a b} Draeger, Donn (2012). Weapons & Fighting Arts of Republic of indonesia. Tuttle Publishing. p. 256. ISBN9781462905096.
33. ^ "Pencak Silat Body Basics". Retrieved 7 July 2015.
34. ^ ^{a b} "Pencak Silat Punch and Blocking Techniques". Retrieved 7 July 2015.
35. ^ "International Pencak Silat Competition Regulations". PERSILAT. 2004. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved 2010-12-21 .
36. ^ contest categories, pencak silat. "Pencak Silat competition categories" (PDF). {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

Further reading [edit]

• Quintin Chambers and Donn F. Draeger (1979). Javanese Silat: The Fighting Art of Perisai Diri. ISBN0-87011-353-4.
• Sean Stark (2007). Pencak Silat Pertempuran: Vol. one. Stark Publishing. ISBN978-0-615-13968-v.
• Sean Stark (2007). Pencak Silat Pertempuran: Vol. 2. Stark Publishing. ISBN978-0-615-13784-1.
• O'ong Maryono (2002). Pencak Silat in the Indonesian Archipelago. ISBN9799341604.
• Suwanda, Herman (2006). Pencak Silat Through my eyes. Los Angeles: Empire Books. p. 97. ISBN9781933901039.
• Stonemason, P.H. (2012) "A Barometer of Modernity: Village performances in the highlands of West Sumatra," Admission: Critical Perspectives on Communication, Cultural & Policy Studies, 31(ii), 79–90.

External links [edit]

• A collection of manufactures on Pencak Silat history, culture, and techniques
• International Pencak Silat Federation/ Pentjak Silat The states SouthEast Asian Global Martial Arts
• Official website of PERSILAT, the Pencak Silat World Federation
• A drove of essays on Pencak Silat past O'ong Maryono.
• A collection of videos and authoritative articles on Gainsay Pencak Silat by Pendekar Hussein of Silat Sharaf
• Culture Silat (French).

hardingchmanitand.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencak_silat

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